@inproceedings{henter2017principles,
  title={Principles for learning controllable {TTS} from annotated and latent variation},
  author={Henter, Gustav Eje and Lorenzo-Trueba, Jaime and Wang, Xin and Yamagishi, Junichi},
  booktitle={Proc. Interspeech},
  abstract={For building flexible and appealing high-quality speech synthesisers, it is desirable to be able to accommodate and reproduce fine variations in vocal expression present in natural speech. Synthesisers can enable control over such output properties by adding adjustable control parameters in parallel to their text input. If not annotated in training data, the values of these control inputs can be optimised jointly with the model parameters. We describe how this established method can be seen as approximate maximum likelihood and MAP inference in a latent variable model. This puts previous ideas of (learned) synthesiser inputs such as sentence-level control vectors on a more solid theoretical footing. We furthermore extend the method by restricting the latent variables to orthogonal subspaces via a sparse prior. This enables us to learn dimensions of variation present also within classes in coarsely annotated speech. As an example, we train an LSTM-based TTS system to learn nuances in emotional expression from a speech database annotated with seven different acted emotions. Listening tests show that our proposal successfully can synthesise speech with discernible differences in expression within each emotion, without compromising the recognisability of synthesised emotions compared to an identical system without learned nuances.},
  keywords={text-to-speech, latent variables, paralinguistics},
  address={Stockholm, Sweden},
  month={Aug.},
  publisher={ISCA},
  volume={18},
  pages={3956--3960},
  doi={10.21437/Interspeech.2017-171},
  year={2017}
}